What is BIN CARD ?

Bin Card

A Bin Card (Form--S--13) is hung up outside each bin or rack in the stores. The minimum and maximum quantities to be stocked in respect of the material as fixed by the Superintending Engineer are noted in it. Each time articles are placed into or taken out of a bin or rack an entry is concurrently made in the Bin Card and the balance struck. Where materials are stocked out—door, Bin Cards should be separately maintained by the Section Officers and all issues and receipts concurrently noted. The Bin Cards should show the balances at any moment and this should tally with numerical accounts. An entry of receipt of a material is first made in Stores Received Book and then in the Bin Card while in the case of issue an entry is made first in the Bin Card and then in the Stores Issued Book.

REF : APED Manual Volume I , Page No 284, Para No 324

What are the limitations of Energy Audit ? (Qno 1c, P1 Dec 2015)

LIMITATIONS OF ENERGY AUDIT
 

The losses arrived at can at best indicate only the range of losses but not a very accurate figure on account of the following constraints.
• High cost of metering at EHT & HT points. As meters are to be connected using instrument transformers CT & PT for stepping down the primary parameters to levels acceptable by meters the errors in the CT & PT together with errors in meters add up to inaccuracies. The high multiplying factors cause to magnify even small errors in registration of reading.
• Simultaneous reading of all meters at every metering point is not possible unless an expensive automatic logging is provided.
• Near impossibility of reading meters at all consumers at one time. Each State Electricity Board have about 10 million consumers spread over vast area. Also SEBs have different meter reading cycles such as monthly, bi-monthly, trimonthly etc., by grouping number of services.
• Assessed consumption at services with defective meters to be added up to sales.150
• Assessed consumption of unmetered services such as agriculture, have large bearing on arriving at the T&D losses.

Ref: APED Manual Volume I , Page No 149, Para No 228

Explain Briefly Direct and Indirect Methods of Energy Audit ? ( Qno 1b, P1 Dec 2015 )

DIRECT & INDIRECT METHODS OF ENERGY AUDIT

I) Direct Method: In this method, losses are found on the basis of difference of units sent out and received at the end of each element in the power system. The main advantage is that it is straight forward and simple. The major constraints are that it calls for metering of very high class of accuracy and the difficulty, in simultaneous reading of meters. Due to employing CT & PT of very high ratios the multiplying factors are very large and any small variation will result in large discrepancy.

II) Indirect Method: The losses are determined by simulation of the network. With the advent of powerful mini and micro computers at affordable prices and good models for simulation of T&D networks this is more popular and practical. Even in this system, metering at critical points in the system for operating parameters such as power factor, coincident fact, or load factor, loss factor and hourly load data is required for use in simulation.

Ref : APED Manual Volume I, Page no 149,  Para no 227

What are the objectives of Energy Audit ? ( Qno 1a, P1 Dec 2015 )

OBJECTIVES OF ENERGY AUDIT

1. Identification of areas of High Technical Losses and to take steps to reduce the same
2. Arrive at system improvements necessary
3. Obtain guidance for system planning
4. Identification of areas where commercial losses are very high and to take remedial steps
5. Pinpointing areas where theft of energy by direct tapping is rampant and take
6. steps to plug up the leakages

APED Manual Volume I, Page No 148,  Para 226

Indian Electricity Grid Code

Indian Electricity Grid Code

Indian Electricity Grid Code

Indian Electricity Rules 1956

Indian Electricity Rules 1956

Indian Electricity Rules 1956

Indian Electricity Act 2003

Indian Electricity Act 2003

Indian Electricity Act 2003